时间：2023-03-17 17:57:55
导语：在英语本科论文的撰写旅程中，学习并吸收他人佳作的精髓是一条宝贵的路径，好期刊汇集了九篇优秀范文，愿这些内容能够启发您的创作灵感，引领您探索更多的创作可能。
关键词 英语专业 毕业论文 创新
中图分类号：G64 文献标识码：A
A Tentative Study of the Dissertation Innovation of English Undergraduate
PAN Qinfen
(College of Foreign Languages, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310023)
AbstractThe current situation of the English undergraduate dissertation is not so satisfying. The main problems include the lack of innovation in choosing the topic and the related materials, the lack of logic in organizing the structure, the lack of fluency in using the language and the inconsistence of the format. This paper mainly discusses the possibility of dissertation innovation of the English undergraduate from the viewpoint, material, and the form and suggests that the innovation ability of the English undergraduate be developed through the cooperative work of the authorities, the teachers, the student staff as well as the students.
Key wordsEnglish major students; dissertation; innovation
毕业论文写作是英语专业培养计划中必不可少的实践环节，也是《中华人民共和国学位条例》规定的大学本科教育的必要环节，可以考察学生的综合能力，评估其学业成绩，其主体实践者是学生。从论文的选题，可以考察学生在专业知识领域的创新能力，从论文的结构，可以考察学生的逻辑思维能力，从论文的写作，可以考察学生的基本语言能力。毕业论文也是考察教师教学成败的有效手段，是最为直观的检测教学成果的方式。
毕业论文是展示学生创新能力的一个重要窗口。早在2000年制定的高等学校英语专业《英语教学大纲》（以下简称《大纲》），就已经十分重视学生能力的培养，把创新能力作为重中之重来强调。在人才培养目标中，明确提出要注重培养学生“获取知识的能力、独立思考的能力和创新的能力”。对于毕业论文，“评分时除了考虑语言表达能力外，还应把独立见解和创新意识作为重要依据。”《高校外语专业教育发展报告（1978-2008）》也指出“切实提高学生的英语语言技能，有效改进教学方法，着力培养他们的创新能力是今后数年摆在英语专业面前的主要任务。”
1 英语专业本科毕业论文现状
毕业论文作为一项系统工程，历时长，跨度大，包括选题、申报、开题、初稿、修改、定稿、评阅、答辩、归档等环节，在教师指导学生毕业论文写作的过程中，常常会遇到诸如选题鲜有新意、材料拼拼凑凑、结构不甚合理、语言错误百出、格式不一而同等问题。究其原因，不难看出，除了语言因素，逻辑思维能力、创新能力的欠缺，仍是英语专业本科毕业论文存在的主要问题。除此之外，没有围绕所学知识进行相关的实践活动，或者说没有理论联系实际，也是造成毕业论文人云亦云，没有新意的一个原因。没有心得，当然不可能写出有新意的文章。最后的结果是，毕业论文成了他人观点的堆砌和拼凑。对学生来说，毕业论文成了没有办法、仓促应付的环节。而对于指导教师来说，毕业论文成了费时、费力，却收效甚微的教学环节。这不符合《大纲》中关于重视学生能力培养的精神。
2 英语专业本科毕业论文的创新
在高等学校外语专业本科教学评估方案（征求意见第三稿）中，学生的毕业论文被划入到了检验教学效果下的反映学生创新能力的一栏里。可见，毕业论文不该只是资料的整理和重排，而应该反映学生对相关问题的一定的独立见解和创新。毕业论文在内容上可以有所创新。论文所讨论的“相关问题”能反映社会和时代特征，具有理论价值或实践意义，这是创新。从不同视角、不同观点来讨论毕业论文中的“相关问题”，这也是创新。毕业论文写作中使用实践中新发现的材料，这同样也是创新。
不仅如此，毕业论文在形式上也可以有所创新。根据不同类型高校的英语专业、不同专业方向、不同层次的学生，可以尝试不同形式的毕业论文。毕业论文的新模式是对课程改革的延伸。以翻译方向为例，翻译课改的直接好处是学生参与大量的翻译社会实践活动，获得第一手材料。而毕业论文形式上的创新正是以大量的翻译实践活动为基础，使学生有机会学以致用，理论联系实际，杜绝了抄袭的现象。
对于翻译硕士专业学位论文的撰写形式，教育部学位办［2007］78 号文件对《翻译硕士专业学位研究生指导性培养方案》有以下规定，MTI 学位论文除了研究论文形式外，还可以采用项目、实验报告等形式。项目主要指学生在导师的指导下选择中外文本进行翻译，字数不少于10000 字，并根据译文就翻译问题写出不少于5000 字的研究报告。实验报告指学生在导师的指导下就口译或笔译的某个环节展开实验，并就实验结果进行分析，写出不少于10000 字的实验报告。
那么，本科学生的毕业论文是否也可以借鉴以上的两种形式呢？以浙江工业大学为例，英语专业的高年级段开设有翻译理论与实践（英汉、汉英互译）、口译、实用翻译等翻译方向课程，翻译课程已形成体系，而且翻译理论与实践（英汉、汉英互译）课和口译课都进行了教学改革。此外，我校英语专业学生还有短学期做翻译大型练习的传统，每年有“翻译大赛”， 暑期有全省英语纠错活动，高年级的同学还成立了翻译社团，积极参与翻译社会实践活动。所有这些，都为学生毕业论文新模式的尝试提供了扎实的基础。
3 实现创新的举措
有一个现象值得大家反思：有些同学学习成绩不错，但毕业论文却写得不怎么样。究其原因，主要还是创新能力不足。因此，要实现毕业论文的创新，首先必须培养学生的创新能力。而创新能力的培养，除了学生自身的努力，还需要教学管理者、论文指导教师、学工人员的联动配合。
3.1 从教学管理者层面
首先，教学管理者要根据《大纲》要求，合理制定培养计划中的课程及专业实践设置。课程设置可以针对培养目标进行拓展，增加社会科学、自然科学等领域的知识，以拓宽学生知识面，激发学生的学术研究热情，培养学生的思辨能力和创新能力。专业实践设置要以课程为基础，可以针对各个方向课程设置短学期大型作业或者专项社会实践活动，增强学生运用知识的能力，并允许学生以社会实践活动为素材，开展毕业论文的撰写。其次，要加强对毕业论文指导教师的选拔，推进导师制的实施，并且严格控制指导学生人数，保证指导时间和指导质量。建议在大三年级实行导师制，根据学生的兴趣和爱好，选取相应学科的导师，在专业知识及相关课程上予以指导。第三，要开展各种学术交流活动，使学生有机会拓宽视角，开阔眼界，形成良好的学术氛围。
3.2 从教师层面
授课教师要改变传统的教学模式、考试模式，改进教学方法，利用现代化的教学手段，倡导自主学习、研究型学习，采用开放式、合作式、发现式、研究式等教学模式，激发学生的学习兴趣，提高他们的逻辑思维能力和创新能力。除此之外，论文指导教师还要加强自身的学术修养，熟悉学术前沿，引导学生开展毕业论文的创新。
3.3 从学工层面
学生工作管理者要积极配合专业，开展丰富多彩的第二课堂活动。通过让学生成为老师的教学助手、科研助手等形式，锻炼学生的能力。要积极动员学生参加学校的大学生科技创新活动。并把课外实践、研究、创新等活动纳入综合考评体系，鼓励学生进行创新。
除了创新能力的培养，为推进学生毕业论文创新，还要做好毕业论文的动员、组织和指导工作。各院校的英语专业要设立毕业论文领导小组，制定工作细则，完善规章制度，解决疑难问题。在毕业论文撰写的过程中要根据实际情况，适当调整论文进程，尽量减少学生的考研、专八考试、实习、求职等对毕业论文的影响，保证学生有充裕的时间查找资料，与指导教师进行面对面的交流，并选取自己感兴趣而又切实可行的方向或选题。为避免毕业论文选题重复，缺乏新意，还要严把选题关。可以公布近几年的学生论文题目，要求学生不得重复选题，在此基础上，再请指导教师、学科方向负责人等把关，督促学生开展毕业论文创新。除此之外，对论文的评定也要做到科学、合理。要注重学生论文写作的过程，把论文开题报告和文献综述、论文写作和修改以及答辩情况等纳入学生毕业论文成绩评定体系，以保证论文的质量和创新。
4 结语
英语专业毕业论文的创新，是撰写毕业论文的意义所在，为此，广大外语教师和英语专业学生付出了很多努力。英语专业毕业论文无论在视角上、观点上、材料上还是在形式上，都可以创新。培养学生的创新能力，需要教学管理者、教师、学生工作管理者和学生四者联动，缺一不可。在强调毕业论文创新的过程中，指导教师有时也会面临各种困惑。比如“如何衡量本科学生毕业论文的创新”，“创新能力与语言能力哪个更为重要”。要解决这些困惑，需要我们外语教育工作者不断地探索并为之做出不懈的努力。
本文为浙江工业大学教学改革项目JG0836研究成果
参考文献
[1]高等学校外语专业教学指导委员会英语组高等学校专业英语教学大纲[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2000.
在实习名单正式出来之前，如果有特殊原因要求单独实习的同学，系部会做考虑，但是大部分同学会选择集体实习，集体实习氛围更好。分组完成之后，带队指导老师需召集所在组学生进行任务分配，选好组长或者队长帮助协调组员之间关系，处理本校指导老师未在现场时的相关事宜。进入实习程序时，带队指导老师引导学生加入另一所中学的生活、学习、教学与管理，在这个过程中，指导老师接触最多的是学生在听课、备课、试讲和讲课的表现，要求学生最大限度地学习他人的长处，尤其掌握自己所带班学生的特点，有针对性地开展自己的实习计划，帮助中学生提高。只有学生在完全有准备的情况下，指导老师才能认同其正式授课，对于试教情况不是很好的学生，要加强心理教育。实习结束时，指导老师要对所在组实习学生进行评分，推选优秀实习生。本科院校老师对实习学生管理是成功实习最基本的保证。
一般来说，每个大学都会建立相对稳定的几个实习基地，但是情况也会因学校而异。有些学校比较重视学校教学效绩，担心大学生来校实习会打断其正常教学秩序，对实习学生存有一定的排斥，但基于上层关系，又不忍拒绝，却又无法放手让学生真正承担实习具体工作，对实习工作的圆满完成会产生阻力。但大部分的实习学校对实习生是持欢迎的态度，年轻活力的注入会帮助所在学校学生激发热情和朝气。后勤管理对实习学生都会开放绿色通道，如住宿等基本上都免费提供，允许延长熄灯时间。实习学生所在科任老师会提前预知他们的课程进度，而所带班班主任也会将班上的基本情况告知实习学生，他们会对学生在其所在班的教学和班主任工作实行宏观监控，既让实习学生有一定的主动权，又会给他们相应任务，更好地去调节课堂进度和班级管理工作。接受学校对实习学生的管理是实习工作不可或缺的一部分。
三、实习学生对实习学校学生的管理
实习过程的两个基本环节：教学与班主任工作是相辅相成的，它们能够很好地体现学生的管理能力。随着学校生源质量的不断下降，即便是重点中学学生基础也不一定好，加上很多学校实施分级教学，允许给实习学生带的班其学生自制能力较差。对此，要完全实现教学效果和班主任管理工作不是容易之事，教学管理中，要体现因材施教，吸引学生兴趣的手段和方法，而班主任工作中就要充分施以情感教育，用心去感化学生，让学生意识到自己行为的不端，但老师并未曾放弃他，让其有信心继续前行。实习学生对实习学校学生的管理是成功实习最重要的组成部分。
四、院校实习专管秘书对实习学生材料的管理
实习作为高校教学重要组成部分，其严肃性与规范性是首要的。实习结束后，实习学生要上交的材料有自己最满意的一份教案，实习过程记录（包括听课记录和班主任工作记录），实结。由于部分学生未参加集体实习，很多材料有过渡参照其他人的嫌疑，造成一定的雷同。还有同学因为实习过程中不是特别用心，实结感触不深，也会拿别人的成果滥竽充数，造成某个版本泛滥，实习效果不明显的彰显。所以，实习材料质量问题管理是一个很大问题，还有些同学借着单独实习的机会没能及时返校上交材料，数量上也有参差不齐。材料管理工作是实习工作顺利完成的硬件基础。
五、结语
关键词：英语专业；毕业论文；论文课程；教师指导
毕业论文写作是考查学生综合能力、评估学业成绩的一个重要方式。完成毕业论文的写作与答辩是学生取得毕业资格、获得学士学位的必备条件。为了更好地规范高师院校英语专业毕业论文写作的教学与指导，我们以长春师范学院英语专业2009届学生
为研究对象，探讨了毕业论文写作课程的设置及教师的指导策略。
一、英语专业毕业论文写作课程的设置
《高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲》中并未规定高校是否需要开设毕业论文写作课程，因此鲜有高校把毕业论文写作纳入教学计划中。但从实际情况来看，开设毕业论文写作课能够有效地提高学生毕业论文撰写能力，并且培养其独立思考、探索的科研能力。我校2009―2011三年开设了毕业论文写作课程，笔者仅以此为基础得出一些经验：
1.课时安排
毕业论文写作能力的提高绝不是一蹴而就的，在二年级与三年级开设写作课时，教师可以渗透毕业论文写作要求，安排学生查阅资料、写学期论文等。在此基础之上，我们把毕业论文写作课程与教师单独指导相结合。
2.教学内容
毕业论文写作课往往涉及如下内容：论文选题、开题报告、文献综述、文献检索、写作技巧、专题写作、研究方法、论文格式、论文修改、常见错误评析、论文答辩及注意事项等。近年来，我国出版了很多关于英语专业本科毕业论文写作方面的专著与教材，但考虑到此门课程的实用性及学时的局限性等因素，任课教师需要自行选择与整理，总结出适合所教学生学习程度的教学内容，使学生在最短的时间内快速、清晰地掌握论文写作要领。
3.教学方法
此门课程强调培养学生的实践能力，因此教学形式应该是教师讲授与学生操练相结合。教师讲完每章节内容后，布置相关任务要求学生课后完成，之后再根据其完成情况进行总结，或是让学生以小组形式进行讨论，互相评价与修正。同时，教师也应该提供优秀论文与问题论文供学生参考、借鉴，让学生从评论者的角度去发现问题、解决问题。这样，通过讲解可以引导学生开展下一步的工作，通过实践又能使学生避免不必要的错误。
4.考核办法
本课程以考核学生的平时任务完成为主，辅以期末考试考查理论知识及对知识的实际应用。平时的任务形式包括小组活动、资料搜集、实验设计等，而期末考试可以以开卷形式进行或是要求学生事先准备，写与所选题目相关的文献综述、论文各部分，如引言等。
二、教师的针对性指导
论文写作课只是为学生建构了毕业论文写作的大体框架，而具体的实施则需要指导教师给予学生有针对性的辅导。两者应同步进行，相辅相成。
1.毕业论文的选题直接关系到论文的完成质量
在论文写作课初步介绍完论文选题之后，教师可以给出和自己研究方向紧密相关的论文题目供学生选择。这样，教师可以给予学生更多的帮助，同时也可以让学生参与到自己的研究中，做到教学相长。
2.指导学生科研方法，培养学生科研能力
教师还应该着重注意指导学生查阅资料，了解最新的研究动态，避免学生思路闭塞以致题目陈旧、没有研究价值。另外，由于专业特点，很多学生选择了英语教学法，但他们的论文往往只限于文献研究，并不能真正与教学相联系。教师可以指导并帮助学生结合论文课上所讲的科研方法，设计试验，做调查分析等，真正培养学生的研究能力。
3.要加强对毕业论文的监督力度
教师要对学生进行诚信教育，强化指导与监控，力求避免抄袭现象。同时，也要督促学生合理规划时间，及时与老师沟通，保质保量地完成论文撰写工作。
毕业论文写作是大学英语专业毕业前最后一项也是极为重要的一个教学环节，它的顺利完成需要学生、学校和教师三方面的共同努力。我们希望规范的教学及指导能帮助学生养成科学的研究态度，形成严谨的学术作风，为他们将来的工作打下良好的基础。
参考文献：
［1］程小蔷.英语专业毕业论文指导策略研究［J］.成人高教学刊，2010（2）.
［2］吴俊.关于本科院校开设英语毕业论文写作课的思考［J］.忻州师范学院学报，2011-08.
作者简介：
第一作者：曹佳[（1981―），女，汉族，长春人，讲师，硕士研究生，主要从事外国语言学及应用语言学研究；第二作者：孙莉莉（1975―），女，汉族，长春人，副教授，硕士研究生，主要从事社会语言学及应用语言学研究。
《单向度的人》是德国著名哲人马尔库塞最负盛名的一部力作。“单向度”;(one-dimension)这个术语今天已成为最脍炙人口的概念之一。单向度的人(one-dimensional man),即是丧失否定、批判和超越能力的人。这样的人不再有能力去追求,甚至也不再有能力去想象一种与现实生活不同的生活形式[3]3-5。在此借用马尔库塞的这一概念,用“多向度写作”;指不因囿于同一模式和既成的规范而形成八股文式的写作,不以文害意,而是具有创意,有批评和身份意识, 充分体现思辨能力的写作模式。“多向度”;分为知识向度、技术向度、文化向度和思辨向度,它们是层级升高和互为基础的关系。
一、现状分析日前,学界就本科毕业论文的存废问题展开了激烈的争论,有人认为,本科毕业论文只是一个“美丽的摆设”;,达到了 “人神共愤”;的境地,劳民伤财,应该废除;有人认为如果因为质量差就取消是因噎废食,不仅不能取消,而应找到问题的症结和解决办法。笔者认为,语言学习的重要技能除了口头表达,还有书面表达,取消毕业论文的这种“瘦身运动”;不可取,况且英语专业生的毕业论文更担负着提高学生思辨能力的重任,不可废除。业界专家在教学评估和调研过程中发现了英语专业本科生思辨能力欠缺的问题,特别突出体现在毕业论文的写作上。如黄源深教授在论文“思辨缺席”;[4]18-19,和“英语专业课程必须彻底改革———再论‘思辨缺席’”;[5]1中进行的跨度十余年的考察的结果仍然是“思辨缺席”;,这不能不引起我们的反思。黄教授指出目前“思辨缺席”;不仅是英语专业生的痼疾,甚至是一部分英语专业教师的痼疾,并探讨了一些解决方案。王宁教授针对中国的语言文学研究在国际学术界处于“失语”;状态的说法,指出“这绝不是一个语言表达的问题,而是我们学会了如何说话和写作,但却不知道说什么和写什么的问题。……所以,我们决不能满足浅层次的教学工作,而应致力于培养创新人才。”;[6]1-2
目前对本科毕业论文的研究多围绕形式展开,针对如何提高论文的思想含量的研究较少,而针对地方院校英语专业本科生毕业论文体现出来的思辨缺席现状的实证研究和相应的教学改革措施的研究就更少了。探究造成这一现状的根源,发现存在着中学与大学英语教学衔接不当,英语教育理论与实践断裂的现象。随着英语学习起始年龄的降低和对英语学习的重视,大部分学生在小学甚至是幼儿园就开始学习英语,经过十多年的英语学习,进入大学后可以说基本解决了英语听说读写的语言技能,特别是英语专业生,入学的口语测试要达到一定水平才能录取。那么,大学阶段的培养目标还是仅仅定位于语言技能的训练,那岂不是重复劳动?无形地延长了学生的学习周期。大学生英语学习和中学的根本区别不是听说读写的流利和准确的程度差别,而是如何表达更深层的思想和更广阔的视野,所以大学英语教育应该把培养学生的思辨能力和创新思维放在首要的位置。
受主流语言学的影响,目前我国的外语教学仍以语言形式为主。主流语言学强调对能指,即语言形式的研究,而忽略了对具有丰富内涵的所指,即意义的研究。“语言意识”; (即关注语言形式的意识)已得到充分的重视,而对“批评语言意识”;(即关注语言的社会性和思想性)的强调不够[7]3。在大学阶段,学生外语水平的进一步提高就体现在思想的深度和广度,在这种状况之下,学生的思辨性写作问题就凸现出来。目前通过一系列有效措施,基本解决了学生的论文格式和规范方面的问题,大部分学生的论文语言流畅,没有语法错误,符合格式,但都是一些综述性的文章,没有新意,整齐划一,给人一种新八股文的印象,走向了以文害意的极端。语言哲学家塞尔说过:“没有感受性的严格是空洞的,没有严格性的情感只是浮华的废话”;[8]155。如何把标准和客观与批评意识有效地结合起来,如何培养学生的思辨能力和学术意识成了问题的焦点。
二、几点建议因为本科毕业论文不是单纯的一门课程或某一个教学环节,而是一个长期的、动态的系统工程,是把知识片段进行横向联合而且付诸实践的一个有效手段。因此改革内容与方法应该从宏观考量,应从人才培养理念、课程设置以及师资培训和整合等几个大方面入手。
1.1 Background of this study 1
1.2 The current situation in oral English learning of non-English major students 1
1.3 Overview of the development of web-based study at home 2
1.4 The significance of the study 2
2. Literature Review 4
2.1 Definition of learning strategies 4
2.2 Classification of learning strategies 5
2.3 Studies on speaking learning strategies 6
2.4 Factors of influencing the choice of speaking learning strategies 8
3. The methodology 10
3.1 The subjects 10
3.2 Instruments 10
3.3 Data collection 11
3.4 Data analysis 11
4. Results and discussion 16
4.1 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies 16
4.2 Frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies. 16
4.3 Differences in the use of speaking learning strategies by speakers with different factors 17
5. Conclusion 19
Acknowledgements 20
References 21
Appendices 23
1. Introduction
In this part, four sections are included. There are background of this study, the current situation in oral English learning of non-English major students, overview of the Internet development in China and the significance of the study.
1.1 Background of this study
With the fast development of society and the increasing openness to the world, the demands to communicate in English have been expanded to a large degree. College students are required to have a good competence in speaking before entering the society. But the fact is that the actual competence of college students in speaking is far from being satisfactory. It is necessary for us to improve the awareness of using strategies.
In the field of language learning and teaching over the last few decades, a prominent shift has taken place, resulting in great emphasis on learners and learning rather than teachers and teaching. The study of learning strategies has seen an “explosion of activity”. [1]105 In recent years although the history of research into speaking learning strategies is not very long, the study on speaking learning strategies can provide students with valuable suggestions on how to improve oral English in terms of accuracy, fluency, and complexity. Almost 15 researchers abroad have studied on speaking learning strategies. In China, Huang Xiaohua and Chen Sijin have done a great contribution to studies on speaking leaning strategies.
Nowadays, the development of computer science and technology and the prevalence of networks have deeply influenced people’s life, also the language study. However, there are still few researches on the web-based speaking learning strategies. The thesis attempts to make a study on web-based speaking learning strategies.
1.2 The current situation in oral English learning of non-English major students
In China, the teaching of English as a foreign language has been greatly influenced by the traditional education system. The traditional way still pay much attention to the examinations in schools, including colleges and universities either, rather than the application of language. Linguistic form is always the focus of both textbooks and language tests. Besides, under this model, one teacher is always in charge of many students in one class, so the teacher becomes the center of the class and there is little chance for the students to practice oral English. The English language learning is seen as a “knowledge-imparting” process and the English language learning is seen as a “knowledge-receiving’ process. Therefore, there is a misleading that English learners are regarded as passive recipients and do not need any initiative.
According to the investigation by Shi in 2000, college graduates who have strong speaking ability only account for 5%; those who are very weak in speaking account for 37%; those who are competent in international conference discussions account for 7% and those who are competent in foreign trade negotiations account for 14%. In spite of the fact that college students have a long history of learning English, the critical situation still not shift and the ability for the college students to speak English is far from satisfactory.
1.3 Overview of the development of web-based study at home
With the rapid development of computer science and technology and the prevalence of networks, people’s life has been influenced. According to “Survey Report on Internet Development in China” provided by China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC) in January 2007, study is the fourth main goal following getting entertained, making friends and getting resources. In English Learning Teaching, Multi-media Means have been also applied. No one can ignore the great influence of the Internet on people’s daily life, including English study. A lot of people have made full use of the Internet for English study, such as reading or listening global news, watching America or Europe movies or TV series, taking part in chatting rooms for English study, making frien ds from other countries online, etc.
Web-based study can make learning anytime, anywhere available, thereby providing the possibility for lifelong learning. It also changes the relationship between teachers and students and provides increased access to study. Besides, web-based study is a good way to improve the student's critical thinking and analytical skills. [2]245
1.4 The significance of the study
With the development of global integration and the increased frequency of international communication, new and higher requirements in English study are put forward for college students. Gradually, more and more non-English major students realize the importance of oral English study and try to find out ways to improve their own oral English to a higher level. However, due to the influence of traditional teaching methods, long-time examination-oriented concept and ignorance to oral English in people’s mind, the current situation of college students, especially non-English major students, in oral English is far from being optimistic. From 1960s, language researchers home and abroad have focused on the relationship between oral English study and learning strategies and made deep study on speaking learning strategies.
What’s more, the Internet and computer science has played a more and more important role in people’s life and influenced language learning further. It is evidently an admirable thing, but there is little guidance to the English study online. The study on web-based learning strategies is few, even the study on web-based speaking learning strategies is almost blank. Therefore, this paper chooses a certain amount of non-English major students in ZUST, and studies their present situation or problems during using speaking learning strategies online, hoping to help them to find a suitable way to study online and finally achieve the ultimate goal of improving oral English.
2. Literature Review
In this part, four topics are discussed respectively. They are: definition of learning strategies, classification of learning strategies, studies on speaking learning strategies, factors of influencing the choice of speaking learning strategies.
2.1 Definition of learning strategies
In most of the studies, speaking learning strategies are not separated from learning strategies. The general definition of learning strategies is “mental or behavior activity related to some specific stage in the overall process of language acquisition or language use.” [3]154 In the short history of researches on learning strategies, lots of researches abroad gave definition of learning strategies from perspective of their study. Here are some.
Weinstein and Mayer insist that learning strategies are the behaviors and thoughts that a learner engages in during learning. Learning strategies are intended to influence the learner’s encoding process. 54 The researchers above all think learning strategies are actions useful to language learning but differ in the way learning strategies work.
In 1990, Cohen defines learning strategies as learning processes which are consciously selected by the learners. The element of choice is important here because this is what gives a strategy its special character. These are also moves which the learners are at least partially aware of, even if full attention is not being given to them. 78
In addition, Tarone defines language strategies as “an attempt to develop linguistic and sociolinguistic competence in target language –to incorporate these into one’s interlanguage competence.” [11]65-66 Stern gives the definition as “best reserved for general tendencies or overall characteristic of the approach employed by the language learner, leaving techniques as the term to refer to particular forms of observable learning behavior.& rdquo; [12]57-58
2.2 Classification of learning strategies
2.2.1 Classification of learning strategies abroad
Learning strategies have been classified by many scholars. However, most of these studies do not differ much with each other. Here are three typical classifications:
In the classification of O’Malley and Chamots, there are 3 major types of strategies, namely, cognitive strategies, meta-cognitive strategies and social/affective strategies. [13]155 O’Malley and Chamot make the classification depending on the level or type of processing involved. The disadvantage of O’Malley and Chamot’s classification is that it has difficulties in its application because the definition of each strategies item seems to be a little vague.
The classification scheme provided by Oxford is believed to be the most comprehensive classification to date. Oxford divided language strategies into two major groups, namely, direct strategies and indirect strategies. [14]54-55
1) Direct strategies: Memory strategies, Cognitive strategies, Compensation strategies.
2) Indirect strategies: Meta-cognitive strategies, Social strategies, Affective strategies.
The classification by Oxford has been widely used and accepted.
Cohen, in his work Strategies in Learning and Using a Second Language divided learners’ strategies into two types: language learning strategies and language using strategies. [15]124 Cohen’s classification seems clear and easy to understand, but it is difficult to tell whether it is for language learning or for language use. Besides, his study did not pay attention to meta-cognitive strategies, while many researchers believe that meta-cognitive strategies are one of the most important strategies to language learning.
2.2.2 Classification of learning strategies in China
As we know, in most of the studies, speaking learning strategies are not separated from learning strategies. In China, many researchers have made great contribution to learning strategies. In order to have a good understanding of learning strategies, many researchers focus on the classification of learning strategies. Cheng& Zhen and Wen are two prominent researchers.
Cheng& Zhen put forward two classification schemes. The first one is based on the role that strategies play in the learning process. There are cognitive strategies, meta-cognitive strategies, affective strategies and communicative strategies. The second one is based on areas of language knowledge and skills. There are strategies for learning pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary and strategies for developing listening, speaking, reading and writing skills. [16]56
Wen draws a complete system for language learning strategies. In this system, language learning strategies are divided into two categories: the beliefs about language learning and the learning strategies. The former concerns a learner’s viewpoint about how to learn a foreign language, and these beliefs decide the learning strategies one uses. The latter is subdivided into two groups: management skills and learning skills. Management skills are usually related to the language materials, including making study plans, evaluating one’s progress, measuring and modulating one’s affective state and so on; while learning skills generally include how to acquire the abilities in listening, speaking, reading and writing, how to deal with new words, how to learn pronunciation and so on. [17]54
2.3 Studies on speaking learning strategies
2.3.1 Nature of oral English
Oral English is different from written English in many ways. Oral English is usually not pre-organized and neat as written English. The sentence in oral English is usually shorter, even not completed or simpler, sometimes wrong in grammar. Also, we can find that oral English is always much up-dated and could express speaker’s ideals by tones of voice, intonation and stress.
The words are being spoken as they are being decided and as they are being understood. Once spoken, they are gone. While the reader can reread, the listener can have memory problems that will lead to misunderstandings or a request for a repetition. Furthermore, the listener may miss a part of what was said, perhaps through noise, or a moment’s distraction. [18]85
2.3.2 Studies on speaking learning strategies abroad
With the further study of learning strategies, some researchers have made detailed study on speaking learning strategies. Speaking strategies, which are closely related to strategies as in McDonugh’s review, turned out to be a focus among researchers of SLA. L2 researchers on speaking strategies were always divided into two camps:
1) Socio-linguistically orientated researchers, such as Tarone, who considered such strategies as social interaction.
2) Psycho-linguistically orientated researchers, represented by Faerch and Kasper, who recognized them as part of a planning process.
Through employing the me thodology of interpreting transcripts of learners’ language，the two camps set a destination of ascertaining various lists of possible strategies available to L2 learners, which were separately described by Poulisse and Bialystok. [19]78-79
The most comprehensive project into speaking strategies was conducted at the University of Nijmegen by Kellerman, Bongaerts, and Poulisse in the 1980s. In these studies by the Nijmegen group, verbal report and other methods were used for investigating the situation of the use of L2 speaking strategies, especially those used in compensating for gaps in communicative ability.
O’Malley and Chamot conducted an empirical interventionist study, which “is one of the most comprehensive studies of learner strategies to date”. [20]65 After the test, the members who were given precise and clear training in meta-cognitive，cognitive，and social strategies and affective strategies improved significantly more than the controlled group.
Cohen, Weaver and Li investigated the effects of a range of speaking strategies on three tasks performed by university foreign language students: a self-description, a story retelling, and a description of a favorite city at University of Minnesota. In 2000, there are also three major studies reviewed by Cohen, which dealt with training of speaking strategies, founded on the categorization of speaking strategies. One study was conducted with a survey of 122 first-year and fourth-year students in the English Department at an Egyptian university，half students receiving the treatment and half in the controlled group. A second study involved 60 undergraduates in compulsory English for Arts Student course. 75
2.3.3 Studies on speaking learning strategies at home
From the early 1980s, researchers in China began to pay more and more attention to speaking learning strategies. A thesis named “An investigation of learning strategies in colloquial communication that Chinese EFL learners in China employ” was accomplished by Huang Xiaohua in 1984. In 1985, Huang Xiaohua took a further research on relationship between speaking strategies and speaking proficiency among seniors of English major in Guangzhou Foreign Language Institute. They found that the use of learning strategies was relative to increased language achievement or proficiency and learning strategies had been firmly affirmed to play an active role in language learning. [23]287-307
In 1990, Chen Siqing Published “A study of communication strategies in interlanguage production by Chinese EFL learners” in an international magazine—Language Learning. In the study, the frequency, type and efficiency of using communication strategies by twelve students of foreign language majors were observed and described. [24]24-26
2.3.4 Factors of influencing the choice of speaking learning strategies
During the recent studies on learning strategies, many researchers have found that the use of speaking learning strategies is affected by many factors. And the most common factors are age, language proficiency, learning style, learning beliefs, gender, motivation and culture.
1) Age has been found to affect the use of oral English strategies. Older learners often use complex, sophisticated strategies. Young children respond more readily and intuitively to language “acquisition” in social and communicative situations, while older learners can learn language more steadily by means of cognitive and academic approaches. [25]154
2) L2 proficiency Bialystock found that functional practice correlated significantly with second language proficiency in tenth graders, whereas functional practice, formal practice, and monitoring were related to L2 proficiency in twelfth graders. [26]25
3) Learning styles also affect the choice of L2 learning strategies. Learning styles make a big difference in choosing learning strategies or the learning behavior of an individual.
4) Learning beliefs, as researchers, Weden, Horwitz; Abranham and Vann; Gerardo; Pedro; Yang, suggested, play an important role in dictating the use of learning strategies.
5) Gender differences in the use of learning strategies are indicated by several studies of Oxford and Nyikos, Oxford and Green, Kaylani e.
6) Motivation is also important in successful second language learning. Gardner, D. & L. Miller are typical researchers. Schumann, Oxford and Nyikos, Ehrman and Oxford, Okada also concern much about motivation and learning strategies.
7) Culture may play an important role in shaping particular learning behaviors, as some researchers indicated. Researchers such as O’Malley, Politzer and McGroa try, Scarcella, Carson, Hino, Kohn, Carson and Nelson, Levine, Reves and Leaver and Parry make researches on it. [27]85
3. The methodology
The study was conducted to investigate the current situation of speaking learning strategies used by students from non-English majors who have oral English study online by means of questionnaire survey. The whole chapter is composed of the following components: the subjects, the instruments, data collection, data analysis.
3.1 The subjects
3.1.1 Purpose
The major purposes of the study are: 1) to study the frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies during oral English study online; 2) to find out the differences in the frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies; 3) to identify the differences in the use of speaking learning strategies by speakers with different factors including gender, major, personality, self-rated proficiency level; 4) to point out that the positive use of speaking learning strategies online is helpful to the improvement of oral English.
3.1.2 Participants
The participants are 107 college students of non-English major in ZUST. They are from different majors and are respectively from science and arts. And also, they are from different grades of different levels.
3.2 Instruments
The questionnaire has been used to gather information on the speaking learning strategies used by students of non-English major who have oral English study online. The students are required to finish the questionnaire in 10 minutes. The questionnaire contains 30 questions, concluding 6 questions about meta-cognitive strategies, 4 questions about cognitive strategies, 6 questions about memory strategies, 4 questions about compensation strategies, 5 questions about affective strategies, and 5 questions about social strategies. It uses five scales ranging from A (“never”) to E (“always”). The latter letter indicates a more frequent use of the Internet or strategies. The first part of the survey questionnaire is for the status of using the Internet for oral English study in ZUST. The second part focuses on the use of six types of strategies. The detailed reflection of different speaking learning strategies used in oral English study online can be represented as below: 1) memory strategies, such as setting up nets of relationships, making use of image and sound, reviewing, acting and so on; 2) cognitive strategies, such as practicing, receiving, and conveying information, analyzing and inferring, setting up rules for inputting and output information; 3) compensation strategies, such as guessing, overcoming deficiencies of language knowledge in speaking and writing; 4) meta-cognitive strategies, such as focusing on key points of learning, arranging and planning learning, evaluating learning; 5) affective strategies, such as lowering anxiety, encouraging oneself, learning about one’s own state of affect; 6) social strategies, such as enquiring about questions, cooperating with others, sympathizing others. The questionnaire is in Chinese, in order to make the participants understand the items better.
3.3 Data collection
The students majoring in science, especially the students majoring in engineering and students majoring in arts of business trade and humanity in ZUST, take part in this survey. The survey conducted during a week in April in 2010. There are different methods or procedures to collect the data in the researches of speaking learning strategies, such as observation, interview, questionnaire, verbal report, diary, etc. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages as well. But considering time-saving principal and the conception of building an environmental society, this survey is made online. During this period, we contact 3 students majoring in engineering in ZUST and then other students to take part in the survey. The students are required to answer the questionnaire in 10 minutes. The participants are advised not to be so bad in English to guarantee the quality of the survey. Then the data will undergo descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistics indicate the average level of the use of speaking learning strategies, the difference between two sets of scores, such as the relationship between some learners’ factors and the use of speaking learning strategies, such as gender, major, personality, self-rated proficiency, and the possibility and reliability of the data.
3.4 Data analysis
This paper analyzes the data collected in the research. Section one indicates the frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies during oral English study online. Section two shows the differences in the frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies. Section three provides the differences in the use of speaking learning strategies by speakers with different factors including gender, major, personality, self-rated proficiency level. For the convenience of calculating, A (“never&rd quo;) to E (“always”) in the questionnaire count 1-5 scores gradually. And all use mean and Std. Deviation to make a contrast between each other and check the possibility of the results.
3.4.1 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies
Table 3.1 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies online and in real life
Category Online In real life
Overall strategies 2.50 4.02
Memory strategies 2.30 4.33
Cognitive strategies 2.57 3.04
Compensation strategies 2. 82 4.83
Meta-cognitive strategies 2. 53 3.12
Affective strategies 2.19 3.03
Social strategies 2.24 4.08
The table 3.1 above shows the mean scores of the use of speaking learning strategies online and in the real life respectively. It is clearly that the frequency of the overall use of speaking learning online only accounts 2.50, greatly lower than that in the real life, which holds 4.02. Besides, the respective scores of the use of different speaking learning strategies are relatively lower than that in the real life.
3.4.2 Frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies
Table 3.2 Frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies
Category Mean Std. Deviation
Memory strategies 2.30 2.29
Cognitive strategies 2.57 3.33
Compensation strategies 2. 82 4.91
Meta-cognitive strategies 2. 53 5.18
Affective strategies 2.19 3.43
Social strategies 2.24 3.07
The table 3.2 above shows the mean scores and std. deviation of the use of different speaking learning strategies online. As the survey shows, the most frequent speaking learning strategies used by students are compensation strategies, which accounts for 2.82. The latter two are cognitive strategies and meta-cognitive strategies, which accounts for 2.57 and 2.53 respectively. Affective strategies only have 2.19, which are comparatively low to the overall level.
3.4.3 Differences in the use of speaking learning strategies by speakers with different factors
3.4.3.1 Use of the speaking strategies by different gender
Table 3.3 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies by different gender
Category Male Female
Overall strategies 2.33 2.67
Memory strategies 2.28 2.32
Cognitive strategies 2.53 2.61
Compensation strategies 2.51 2.55
Meta-cognitive strategies 2.49 2.57
Affective strategies 2.18 2.20
Social strategies 2.21 2.27
From table 3.3, we can see that there is no big significant difference in using memory strategies, cognitive strategies, compensation strategies, meta-cognitive strategies, affective strategies and social strategies between different genders. The overall strategies used by females hold 2.67, higher than 2.33 for males. The use of learning strategies by females is more frequent than the males. Also, the scores of respective speaking learning strategies by the females are always higher than the males.
3.4.3.2 Use of the speaking strategies by different majors
Table 3.4 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies by different major
Category Science Arts
Overall strategies 2.36 2.64
Memory strategies 2.25 2.35
Cognitive strategies 2.51 2.63
Compensation strategies 2.59 2.47
Meta-cognitive strategies 2.31 2.33
Affective strategies 2.15 2.23
Social strategies 2.19 2.29
From table 3.4, the overall use of speaking learning strategies by students from arts occupies 2.64, while the use of those from science occupies 2.36. The students from arts use speaking learning strategies a little more frequent than those of the science. Also, this contrast between males and females can be seen by the scores of each speaking learning strategies in the table3.4.
3.4.3.3 Use of the speaking strategies by different personalities
Table 3.5 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies by different personality
Category Extroverted Introverted
Overall strategies 2.50 2.42
Memory strategies 2.27 2.33
Cognitive strategies 2.58 2.56
Compensation strategies 2.56 2.50
Meta-cognitive strategies 2.28 2.34
Affective strategies 2.19 2.17
Social strategies 2.26 2.21
From table 3.5, the scores of the extroverted students and the introverted students are near the same. And it is not fixed that the scores of the extroverted ones are higher than the introverted ones by each strategies. The score of memory strategies by the introverted occupies 2.33, 0.05 higher than the extroverted. Also, we can see that the score of the meta-cognitive strategies by the introverted is 0.06 higher. There is no big difference in the use of the speaking strategies with different personality, but normally the speaking learning strategies used by the outgoing and confident students are more frequent, especially social strategies, affective strategies and compensation strategies.
3.4.3.4 The use of the speaking strategies by different self-rated proficiency levels
Table 3.6 Frequency of the use of speaking Learning
strategies by different self-rated proficiency level
Category High Medium Low
Overall strategies 2.53 1.61 0.89
Memory strategies 1.84 1.71 1.12
Cognitive strategies 2.19 1.97 0.98
Compe nsation strategies 1.51 1.57 1.90
Meta-cognitive strategies 2.57 1.63 0.83
Affective strategies 2.83 1.88 0.67
Social strategies 2.11 1.54 0.83
In this part, students are divided into three groups by self-rated proficiency level, namely, high, medium and low. Table 3.6 clearly shows that the strategies used by the participants are significantly and positively related to their proficiency level. The good students with higher-rated proficiency level use more speaking learning strategies and relatively the students with low-rated proficiency level use less speaking learning strategies. In addition, the compensation is often used by the ones who are relatively weak in English, which occupy 1.9 point in the table 3.6.
4. Results and discussion
4.1 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies
As the survey shows, the overall use of speaking learning strategies online is still low. The possible reason should be:
First, the college students have not thought high of or even realized the great potential and function of the net to learning. Although the Internet can capture students’ attention easily, it is not often used for study. Students are used to and willing to study in class or by textbooks or homework.
Second, even though a part of students realized the value of Internet to study, they do not know how to study. The further negative effect is that they lose the interest in oral English practicing easily. This may need the teachers to guide them and enlighten their mind with fleshing ideas, innovation and updated rich information about the ways to practice oral English on the Internet.
Third, there is no admirable and pleasant atmosphere for web-based study. As nearly all the students live in the dormitory, they are easily affected by each other. So, an environment full of interaction is advocated. The teachers or the students themselves could build some forums, unions or study groups to arise the atmosphere of study.
The last but not the least, the Internet has so much temptation to allure the students to have some entertainment. So, the Internet itself may reduce the speaking learning use. Students are always weak in self-motivated learning ability and ability to study independently online. As to this, the students themselves should pay more efforts on it.
4.2 Frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies.
From the data we can see that the most frequent speaking learning strategy used by students online is the compensation strategies. This may be the reason that the average oral English level of non-English major students is not high and a big amount of them is low. When they could not understand what the other talks about during the conversation, they will ask them to repeat or slow down the speed. Since the storage of their vocabulary is limited, when they could not remind of the words or sentences needed, they will choose other words or sentences to replace these words or sentences. And when they could not express themselves clearly, they will try to give examples to elaborate it.
The lower ones to compensation strategies in the survey are cognitive strategies and meta-cognitive strategies. It is gratified that students have an identifying goal of study in English learning and they also take advantage of the Internet resources under a pleasant condition by watching America movie or TV series or listening VOA, BBC, etc. They also try to seek the better way to improve oral English and have the ability to make arrangements.
Affective strategies, memory strategies and social strategies are comparatively lower in the data. Students are easy to be depressed about their oral English and sometimes have the thought to let it be. When confronted with new words on movies, TV series, websites, chatting online, etc, students will not write them down or try to find their meanings. Social strategies could contribute much but are limited by the traditional study habits online. Students have not formed the habits to practice English by e-mails, chatting rooms or other methods online.
4.3 Differences in the use of speaking learning strategies by speakers with different factors
As we can see from the use of the speaking strategies by different genders, majors, personality, and self-rated proficiency level above, English learning factors do affect the oral learning inline.
As to the gender, females pay more attention to the use of speaking learning strategies and have more talents in language learning. Female students are not engaged in many entertainments such as games, etc. But both males and females should make best use of the advantages and bypass the disadvantages
As to the major, the scores of the students majoring in arts are conspicuously superior to the students majoring in science. The thinking pattern and the advantage of sharing emotion and social practice of the students majoring in art makes them superior in the use of speaking learning strategies, while the students majoring in science pay much on the technologies and data than language itself.
As to personality, the extroverted ones gain much. The extroverted personality always represents confident, outgoing and communicating or sharing much with others. The confident and outgoing ones always have a higher self-rated proficiency. If one is more confident and outgoing, then he or she will pay more efforts on how to improve oral English and gain more opportunity to have a communication with others.
As to self-rated proficiency, it is clear that the students with higher self-rated proficiency level use more speaking learning strategies and the students with lower self-rated proficiency level use less speaking learning strategies. In turn, the ones who use varied speaking learning strategies more frequently can always achieve better outcomes in oral English. But as the Internet is only one assisting tool to oral English learning, so, we can not say that it is definitely a deciding factor. But it is sure that frequent use of strategies do contributes to the results of the oral English learning.
At present, however, not too many students regard the speaking learning strategies important, and have not formed a good study mode online. So, I would like to bring up some advice for reference: 1)lowering anxiety and practicing step by step; 2)preparing and planning for using speaking learning strategies; 3)selecting and using proper and suitable strategies for yourself; 4)summarizing your oral study and making adjustments accordingly; 5)going outside and practicing more and more. How to get rid of the barriers of the negative factors and make full use of the positive ones is a wise but a difficult thing. Also, to make full use of the Internet in study and put the speaking learning strategies into the oral English study online are meaningful but still a long way.
5. Conclusion
The above discussion of study and research is by no means comprehensive but it deserves our study.
Nowadays, Internet is an interesting and fashionable thing to us. It has attracted our eyeballs for a long time and occupied plenty of our time as well. The introduction of Internet brings new vigor to teaching and learning process, but it also tends to be inefficient during the study. Thus, the frequency of using speaking learning strategies online is low. This requires the proper use of speaking learning strategies and efforts by the students.
As the study shows, the most frequent speaking learning strategies used online is compensation strategies. It may after all be accepted as a good way to circumvent the weakness in oral English, but not a good and long-time way to improve oral English level. Other strategies do deserve to use and have some requirements to the learners: the use of cognitive strategies and meta-cognitive strategies requires learners know how to make arrangements for study and have the ability to self-control during the study online. The study of affective strategies shows that an enterprising and perseverant mind is advocated in practicing oral English. Memory strategies request the learners to be more diligent and hardworking to English study. At last, the social strategies are functional and demand the students to explore more gateways of practicing oral English online.
It is evident that learners’ factors can easily affect the use of speaking learning strategies online and some factors can not be changed at once. But, if the learners could foster strengths and circumvent weaknesses, and absorb the shining points from the others, there will be a new look of oral English learning.
Speaking learning strategies is by no means helpful to the improvement of oral English, although this paper could not give affirmative support to it. But we can see that the good learners always use speaking learning strategies more frequently.
All in all, it is greatly expected that the learners could make full use of the website and speaking learning strategies during the study online and there will be a better atmosphere of practicing oral English online in the future.
Acknowledgements
My initial thanks go to my supervisor Louqing, who patiently supervised my dissertation and was at times very willing to offer me illuminating advice or suggestions. Without her help, I could not have finished this dissertation.
I am also indebted to other teachers and my classmates who have not only offered me their warm encouragements but also shared with me their ideas and books. They are Yangxue, Chenliang, Fanyanlong, wangbo and many others.
My greatest personal debt is to my grandparents and parents, who have cultivated a soul of sensitivity, hospitality, and honesty out of me, and offered a harbor of happiness and sweetness for me.
The remaining weakness and possible errors of the dissertation are entirely my own.
References
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［2］Tav angarian D.& Leypold M.E., Noiting K., Roser M. & Voigt D. Is e-Learning the solution for individual Learning?[D]Electronic Journal of e-Learning, 2004:245.
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［5］Chamot, A. The Learning Strategies Handbook. NY[M]. Longman, 1987:96.
［6］Rubin, J. Language Learning Language Strategies: What every teacher should know[M]. Boston: Heinle & Heinele, 1990:156.
［7］Oxford, R. L. Variables Affecting Choices of Language Learning Strategies by University Students[M]. Modern Language Journal, 1989:24.
［8］Ellis, R. The Study of Second Language Acquisition[M].Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994:54.
［9］Cohen, A. D. Language learning: “Insights for learners, Teachers and Researchers”[M]. New York: Newbury House Publishers, 1990:67.
［10］Cohen, A.D. Weaver, S. & Li, T-Y. The Impact of Strategies-based Instruction on Speaking a Foreign Language[M].Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1998:78.
［11］Tarone, E. Some Thoughts on the Notion of “Communication Strategies” [J]. London: Longman, 1983:65-66.
［12］Stern, H. Fundamental Concepts of Language Teaching[M]. Oxford University Press, 1983:57-58.
［13］Oxford & O’ Malley. A Study of Learning Strategies in Foreign Language Instruction: First Year Report[M]. Rosslyn, Va.: Interstate Research Associates, 1987:155.
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［17］文秋芳.英语学习成功之路[M].上海外语教育出版社,2003:54.
［18］Bygate, M. Speaking[M]. Oxford University Press, 1987:85.
［19］McDonugh, S.H. Strategies and Skill in Learning a Foreign Language[M]. London: Edward Amold, 1995:78-79.
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Appendices
浙江科技学院非英语专业大学生网上英语口语学习策略调查问卷
一、个人简况
姓名:
性别: A 男 B女
科别： A 理工科 B文科
你的性格特征： A内向 B外向
你认为你目前的英语综合水平： A很差 B一般 C优秀
二、网上英语口语学习策略调查
（元认知策略使用情况调查）
1、我寻求好的网上口语练习的时间和地点。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
2、上网学习时，我能把握上网学习的时间和内容。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
3、对于如何上网提高英语口语能力，在不同时期，我有明确的目标。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
4、我总在寻求更好的口语学习方法。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
5、我思考和评价自己的上网学习方法从而找出存在的问题和解决方法。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
6、在说话前， 我先把想说的话组织好再说。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
（认知策略使用情况调查）
7、我浏览各种英文网站、听英文录音VOA,BBC,. etc及看英文视频等，听和练习口语。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
8、在用英语聊天时，我会猜想对方下一句会说什么。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
9、听VOA,BBC，. etc 或欧美剧等英文视频时，我会模仿其说话方式、语音语调及用词。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
10、听VOA,BBC，. etc 或欧美剧等英文视频时，我会小声跟着说。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
（记忆策略使用情况调查）
11、我反复观看喜欢的欧美剧，以便加深印象。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
12、记单词时， 我会想到同根的词或近义词、反义词等相关词汇。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
13、在英文网站上遇到新单词我就猜它的意思。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
14、一遇到生词就查字典吗?
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
15、我把上网遇到的生词记在单词本上。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
16、我用金山词霸等网上字典在线查找生词的意义及用法。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
（补偿策略使用情况调查）
17、QQ聊或聊天室语音等方式交流时， 我会努力猜测TA接下去将说什么。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
18、QQ聊或聊天室语音等方式交流时， 当不懂对方所言时，会请求对方重复或放慢语速。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
19、QQ聊或聊天室语音等方式交流时， 当与别人交谈时想不起某个词 时， 我会使用同义词（组）。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
20、当不能表达自己时， 我会举例等方式进行解释。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
（情感策略使用情况调查）
21、在网络环境中害怕别人发现你英语方面的不足吗?
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
22、为了把口语说好，我经常自我鼓励。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
23、说英语紧张时， 我会想办法消除它。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
24、上网学习英语后，我的学习兴趣提高了。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
25、我会与家人、同学、老师等探讨口语学习的感受
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
（社交策略使用情况调查）
26、用英语写邮件或聊天时，我请对方纠正我的错误。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
27、通过网上交流很容易在学习上和同学结成朋友。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
28、必要时，交谈借助手势、表情等进行表达。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
29、交谈时，我把精力放在意思表达上。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
30、在口语表达时，我直接向对方表示自己遇到困难，向对方寻求帮助。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
浙江科技学院非英语专业大学生非网络状态下英语口语学习策略调查问卷
（元认知策略使用情况调查）
1、我寻求好的网上口语练习的时间和地点。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
2、学习时，我能把握学习的时间和内容。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
3、对于如何提高英语口语能力，在不同时期，我有明确的目标。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
4、我总在寻求更好的口语学习方法。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
5、我思考和评价自己的学习方法从而找出存在的问题和解决方法。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
6、在说话前， 我先把想说的话组织好再说。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
（认知策略使用情况调查）
7、我参加有利于英语提高的活动，听和练习口语。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
8、在用英语聊天时，我会猜想对方下一句会说什么。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
9、听英语时，我会模仿其说话方式、语音语调及用词。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
10、听英语时，我会小声跟着说。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
（记忆策略使用情况调查）
11、我反复朗读喜欢的英语文章，以便加深印象。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
12、记单词时， 我会想到同根的词或近义词、反义词等相关词汇。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
13、遇到新单词我就猜它的意思。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
14、一遇到生词就查字典吗?
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
15、我把遇到的生词记在单词本上。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
16、我会努力查找生词的意义及用法。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
（补偿策略使用情况调查）
17、英语聊天时，我会努力猜测TA接下去将说什么。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
18、英语聊天时，当不懂对方所言时，会请求对方重复或放慢语速。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
19、英语聊天时， 当与别人交谈时想不起某个词时， 我会使用同义词（组）。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
20、当不能表达自己时， 我会举例等方式进行解释。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
（情感策略使用情况调查）
21、害怕别人发现你英语方面的不足吗?
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
22、为了把口语说好，我经常自我鼓励。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
23、说英语紧张时， 我会想办法消除它。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
24、一番努力学习后，我的学习兴趣提高了。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
25、我会与家人、同学、老师等探讨口语学习的感受
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
（社交策略使用情况调查）
26、用英语聊天时，我请对方纠正我的错误。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
27、英语打开新的世界，结交更多的朋友。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
28、必要时，交谈借助手势、表情等进行表达。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
29、交谈时，我把精力放在意思表达上。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
30、在口语表达时，我直接向对方表示自己遇到困难，向对方寻求帮助。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
谢谢您的合作!
诚 信 承 诺
我谨在此承诺：本人所写的毕业论文《基于网络的英语口语学习策略研究》均系本人独立完成，没有抄袭行为，凡涉及其他作者的观点和材料，均作了注释，若有不实，后果由本人承担。
毕业论文作为本科生在校期间最后一个综合性的实践教学环节，学时最长，学分最大，在本科教学体系中占有十分重要的地位，也是衡量和检验本科专业教学质量的一个重要方面。通过毕业论文教学环节，可以有效加强和巩固学生所学理论知识、实验技能和综合素质，使学生在文献查阅、实验动手能力、独立分析和解决问题能力、创新能力等各方面都得到综合的训练，同时还可以有效培养学生严肃认真、严谨科学的研究和工作作风。因此，毕业论文也被称为学生从学校走向社会的“桥梁”。[1]
应用化学作为一门介于理科和工科之间的应用型的学科，在国内多所高校均有开设，并且本科阶段各学校可根据各自的实际情况决定授予理学或工学学士学位。石河子大学应用化学专业于2002年开始本科招生，授予工学学士，其目标是培养应用型的技术人才。本科毕业论文作为实现该目标的一个重要环节，在我校一直非常重视。通常，毕业论文教学环节包括四个方面，论文选题、论文研究、论文评阅和论文答辩，四个环节互为条件、互相促进，只有做好每一个环节，才能产生高质量的优秀论文。但在毕业论文实际开展过程中，还较大程度存在学生认识不到位和教师指导不到位等问题，严重影响了学生本科毕业论文质量。为了有效克服上述问题，关键是要做好毕业论文的各环节的管理，笔者结合本校的毕业论文管理办法及自身在毕业论文教学过程中的体会，就如何强化应用化学专业毕业论文各环节管理提出个人观点。
一、毕业论文前的准备工作
1.科学上的继承和借鉴、交流和综合，主要通过文献检索来实现。有效地查阅科技文献，可以减少重复劳动，避免走弯路，吸取别人的经验教训。[2] 但实际情况表明，本科生在文献查阅方面的能力是非常欠缺的，仅局限在百度、Google等基本的搜索引擎，而对于专业知识、文献的检索知之甚少;同时缺乏对专业外文文献的阅读能力。针对这种问题，我们在第六学期开设了《专业英语》和在第七学期开设了《信息检索与利用》两门课程。其中，《专业英语》课程，重点讲授常见的有机化合物、无机化合物、高分子化合物等的命名，外文科技文献的组成及书写规则，外文科技文献的阅读技巧等。而《信息检索与利用》课程，则讲授文献检索的传统方法、光盘数据库和网络数据库的检索，重点讲授网络数据库的查询及使用，如中国知网、万方数据库、SciFinder Scholar，Web of Science等。通过这些课程的开设，提高了学生对专业英语文献的阅读能力和文献检索能力，从而使得学生在本科论文的文献查阅、方案设计、论文撰写等方面起到了非常积极的帮助。
2.兴趣是最好的老师，要使学生能够全身心的投入本科论文，兴趣和热情是非常重要的一个因素。为了使学生找到自己感兴趣的老师和做感兴趣的课题，我们会在学生选择指导教师之前召开本科论文动员大会，其中重要的一点就是详细介绍我院能带本科论文老师的具体研究方向和研究课题。这样学生可以根据指导老师的研究方向和课题，按自己的兴趣自行选择论文指导教师，确定自己论文的研究内容。同时我们打破了教学系的壁垒，允许学生在全院不同教学系中自由选择指导教师。从近几年的实际结果来看，这种举措是值得肯定的，学生反应较好，论文质量也有明显提高。
3.指导教师在学生毕业论文的过程起着非常重要的作用，他对毕业论文重要性的认识程度直接影响着毕业论文质量的高低，因此，对于指导教师的选拔显得尤为重要。一直以来，我院的本科毕业论文指导老师均来自教学科研一线，具有较强的责任心和较高的学术水平，实验员一般不担任指导教师。为了保证指导教师有足够的时间来指导学生开展本科毕业论文工作，学院明确规定了老师所指导学生数不超过8人。同时，为了保证论文的顺利实施，科研项目多、研究生多的教师可多带些，而科研经费较少的老师所带的学生则相应减少。另一方面，为了增强指导教师的责任意识，我院把指导毕业论文的能力和质量作为评价教师的重要指标之一，对毕业论文工作中成绩突出的指导教师予以表彰，对优秀的毕业论文给予资金支持，并发放一定的毕业论文指导绩效津贴。
二、毕业论文中的过程管理工作
过程管理强调的是全程的整体把握以及对过程关键点的监督，其宗旨是“抓大放小、灵活弹性”。[3] 加强对毕业论文的过程管理工作，使毕业论文制度化和规范化，可有效提高毕业论文的质量。首先，在毕业论文的组织管理方面，我院成立了以教学副院长为首的本科教学指导委员会，教科办、学办、各系协调配合、组织实施。其次，对毕业论文的重点环节，如论文选题、开题、中期检查、答辩等，学院加强监督和督导，确保开题论证到位、教师指导到位、研究过程到位、质量控制到位。以检查促效果，以指导出成绩，以考核出成效。在约束学生对毕业论文时间投入和精力投入的同时，督查指导教师的时间和精力的投入，确保老师认真指导，学生认真完成毕业论文。[4] 同时在各个环节，学校也会组织督导抽查、督促和指导。再次，学院统一印制论文实验记录本，规范开题报告、最终论文等文件的格式，做到论文的统一和规范化。学院还在院内统一协调学生实验仪器、实验场所，以及院内大型表征仪器的使用等，为本科论文的顺利开展提供条件保障和技术支持。
三、毕业论文后的评价工作
毕业论文是学生离校前的最后一次总结性的、综合性的、独立完成的作业，历时一个学期的辛苦努力，最终的成绩不管对学生还是老师都非常看重的。因此，科学化和规范化的成绩评定体系非常重要。我院的学生论文成绩一般是按照导师给出的成绩、评阅人成绩和答辩成绩按40%、20%和40%的权重确定最终成绩。在各部分的成绩评定时，均给出相应的评定依据和评定标准，尽量保证成绩的公平和公正。另外，为了保证论文的严肃性，杜绝教师个人及相互之间的感情因素，学院还确立了专家复审制度，对于评定为不及格和校级优秀论文进行100%复审，而对于其他的则采取抽查的方式统一进行复审，以规范论文的质量及成绩评定。对于与评定级别不符的论文通过专家组的复审，进行成绩的更改，通报相关指导教师和学生，并作出相应的处罚等。
四、 结语
毕业论文是本科教学工作水平评估的一个核心指标。在毕业论文期间，学校、学院应做好相关的管理工作，教师和学生在思想上充分重视，加强对毕业论文各环节的严格管理和监控，这样才能提高毕业论文的质量，达到毕业论文实践教学环节实施的最终目的。
（一）以生为本，全面掌握学生英语学习的实际能力
英语教师应当对每一名小学生的基本英语学习能力、英语写作能力和英语口语表达能力有一个清晰的认识和了解，不仅要让小学生在英语学习的过程中充分掌握英语知识，更要使其全面提升英语实际应用能力。我认为，英语教师可以通过课堂活动或英语检测等方式初步掌握每个学生的基本英语技能，从而进一步确定学生在英语学习方面的能力，同时对不同层次的学生的学习能力进行全面、系统的把握。只有这样，教师才能在日常教学活动中做到以学生为中心，更好地因材施教，提升小学英语课堂教学的质量。
（二）以学定教，为学生制定科学而正确的英语能力发展对策
小学英语课堂教学活动中，英语教师可以通过对远程教育资源的合理运用来对英语学科展开充分的整合与分析，并把握不同层次的学生在每一节英语课堂上的英语能力与知识的生长点，从而做到以学定教。在此基础上，小学英语教师可依据每个学生的特点与教学任务的不同，为他们制定出一套科学而正确的学习方法，以使其英语学习能力得到全面的提升。
二、生本理念下构建小学英语高效课堂的相关策略分析
多媒体课件与各种科学技术的应用为当今教育插上了飞翔的翅膀，在小学英语教学过程中的作用尤为明显。
（一）利用多媒体课件开展教学辅助工作，帮助学生掌握英语学习的难点与重点
小学英语知识虽然相对浅显简单，但对于一部分小学生来说学习起来仍具有一定的难度，特别是在一些抽象的英语知识教学方面，很多小学生都无法做到对英语基础知识点的正确把握。面对这种情况，笔认为在一些教学资源丰富、教学条件优良的学校，英语教师可以在把握学生进行英语学习的兴趣点基础上，有针对性地选择多媒体课件开展英语教学。与此同时，英语教师还应当充分利用丰富的英语教学资源，全面激发小学生参与英语知识学习的激情与热情，从而进一步优化与完善英语高效课堂。
（二）运用多媒体课件扩充小学英语课堂教学容量，推动高效课堂的创建
小学英语教学中，教师可以充分利用多媒体技术创设教学情景，从而使课堂教学效率得到进一步提升，使学生积极主动地融入到英语课堂教学活动中去。英语教师在进行英语教学情景创设的同时，要注重培养学生形成更加广阔的思维，为教学活动的实践与教学质量的提升搭建起师生互动、学生互动的沟通、交流平台。当一些英语教学的难点与重点被突破之后，英语教师可以通过多媒体技术帮助学生拓展思维，从而进一步深化学生对英语学习知识点的理解与掌握。
（三）注重对学生英语实践能力的培养
一方面，英语教师要注重对学生英语实践能力的培养。当前小学英语教学中，教师要将学生放在教学的首要位置。英语教师应当依据每个学生的英语学习能力，针对其选择合理的英语实践活动，从而使每个学生都能积极参与到英语学习活动中去。在这个过程中，英语教师尤其要注重针对学生情感因素开展教学，充分调动学生学习的主动性与积极性，让每个学生都能从不同的角度参与到学习实践活动中去，从而培养他们的英语实践能力。另一方面，英语实践能力的养成还需要学生在日常对话中学会如何运用英语中的一些简单句型。学生参与到情景教学中不仅有利于提升小学英语教学的整体质量，还可以使小学生时刻保持一种愉快的学习心情。而英语教师的任务不仅是让学生学会如何说英语，更要让学生学会如何写英语。教师应当组织学生开展各种形式的英语对话活动，并且依据活动进行一些英语情景的创设，让学生在英语情景中进行交流与沟通，最终加深对于英语的理解以及学会运用一些简单的英语句型。在部分条件允许的班级中，英语教师还可以组织小学生开展英语写作比赛，这不仅能够大大提升学生的学习兴趣，还有利于培养他们的英语表达能力。
三、结语
用型本科院校尤为重要。本文对目前应用型本科毕业论文（设计）现存的问题进行分析，提出了应用型本科毕业论文（设计）的有效实施模式，同时探讨了如何有效保障毕业论文（设计）的进行。
关键词：应用型本科 毕业论文（设计） 有效实施模式
一、引言
应用型本科是在高等教育大众化的背景下提出的，重在“应用”二字，要求各专业紧密结合地方特色，注重学生实践能力，培养应用型人才。毕业论文（设计）是普通高校本科教育的重要教学环节，旨在培养学生系统、综合地运用所学知识，加强专业实践，增强科学研究能力，提高创新意识，对于以培养应用型人才的应用型本科院校来说更是具有重要意义。本文对应用型本科毕业论文（设计）现存的问题进行了分析，提出了应用型本科毕业论文（设计）的有效实施模式，并探讨了如何有效保障毕业论文（设计）的进行。
二、应用型本科毕业论文（设计）存在的问题
1、指导教师的因素
随着近几年高校的扩招，许多本科院校招生规模不断扩大，同时教学条件和师资力量一时难以跟上，指导老师教学任务十分繁重，或者是从思想上没有对毕业论文（设计）进行重视，因此对毕业论文（设计）投入精力不足。
2、部分学生对毕业论文（设计）的重要性认识不足
毕业一般安排在第八学期，正是学生选择就业，找工作的重要时期。对于学校和学生就业压力巨大的今天，选择理想就业更为重要，即学生的就业与学习矛盾突出。由于毕业设计对学生找工作没有直接影响，故部分学生采取了消极应付的态度，相当程度上影响了毕业论文（设计）的质量。
3、教学资源不充分
随着各高校不断扩招，学生人数不断增加，而教学设备的投入相对滞后，已经不能满足教学的需要。学生在查阅文献资料等方面得不到满足，客观上形成了毕业论文（设计）工作的瓶颈。大学城一般远离城区，尤其像我们安徽三联学院，由于远离市中心，教师去学校的次数较少，导致学生难以及时与老师见面，指导时间难以得到保障。
4、管理保障缺乏力度
尽管目前大部分学校都有针对毕业设计指定的规章制度和条例，但在执行中不严格，不规范，学校缺乏对毕业设计全过程的有效监控，缺乏对教师真正有效的监督机制和奖惩措施，在评阅和答辩过程中，老师有时为了不影响学生就业，出现了对学生放松要求，流于形式，对一些不符合要求的毕业设计往往采取迁就，宽容的态度。
三、毕业论文（设计）的有效实施模式
应用型本科毕业论文（设计）的实施模式分为确定选题、制定任务书、开展开题报告、进行中期检查、评阅和答辩和工作总结6个方面。具体如下：
1、确定选题
（1）毕业论文（设计）指导教师申报研究题目及研究内容；
（2）毕业论文指导小组审阅研究题目及研究内容；
（3）公布毕业论文（设计）选题和指导老师；
（4）召开双向选择会，确定师生的对应关系，确定学生选题。
2、制定任务书
任务书应该由指导老师和学生共同完成。主要包括论文（设计）的主要任务及目标，论文（设计）的主要内容，论文（设计）的基本要求，主要参考文献和进度安排等。
3、开展开题报告
开题报告由学生完成，分别由指导老师和论文（设计）指导小组审阅，内容主要包括论题的意义及研究状况，主要内容、研究方法和思路，查阅过的文献资料及调研情况，总体安排和进度（包括阶段性工作内容及完成日期）。
4、进行中期检查
中期检查由学生汇报，由指导老师和毕业论文（设计）指导小组检查。主要包括工作进度，遇到的问题，下一步的工作方法和思路等等。
5、评阅和答辩
由评阅，PPT演示和答辩三个部分组成。论文由指导老师和毕业论文（设计）指导小组评阅；PPT演示由学生进行演示；答辩由答辩小组进行答辩。毕业论文（设计）成绩采用五级记分制即优秀，良好，中等，及格，不及格。指导老师初步评定成绩，写出评语，经答辩后由答辩小组或毕业论文（设计）指导小组审定成绩。
6、工作总结
包括两个方面，一是指导老师对毕业论文（设计）的过程及论文撰写的要点进行总结，然后选择成绩优秀的同学在课堂上演示，以激励其他同学；二是进行毕业论文（设计）工作的总结，完成毕业论文（设计）资料归档。
四、毕业论文（设计）的有效保障
要使毕业论文（设计）模式有效实施，毕业论文（设计）工作有序进行，还需要相应的保障条件。笔者认为以下四个方面是必不可少的。
1、制度和质量管理
包括两个方面，一是加强制度建设，通过相应的管理文件，对毕业论文（设计）的选题，指导教师的职责，答辩成绩的评定等环节规范化，统一毕业论文（设计）格式要求；二是强化过程管理，构建毕业论文（设计）质量监控体系，成立学校、二级学院（系）和教研室三级机构，对毕业论文（设计）的各个环节的执行进行检查，实行全过程，全方位的质量监控。
2、强化指导老师能力
包括两个方面，一是指导老师本身要严格按照管理文件规定履行职务。包括文献（资料）检索方法的培训和指导、毕业论文撰写的培训和指导、毕业答辩的培训和指导等。二是学校要加强教师能力的培养，鼓励教师参加科研和实践活动，不断增强毕业论文（设计）的指导水平。
3、改变学生观点
一方面要改变学生对毕业论文（设计）不重视或认识不够的意识。通过毕业论文（设计）加强对学生实践能力，创新能力和应用型能力的培养。另一方面毕业论文（设计）要做到早布置，早准备。在上届学生的答辩的时候，组织学生去听答辩，再者是让优秀学生给下届学生讲写毕业论文（设计）的过程和体会。
4、论文所需经费
给予毕业论文（设计）一定的经费。这包括指导老师指导学生的课酬，毕业论文（设计）复印等各项工作的支出。除了学校担负一部分经费外，还可以争取企业，事业和政府的经费支持。
五、结论
本科毕业论文（设计）工作是培养学生运用所学的基本理论、基本知识和基本技能分析解决实际问题能力、独立工作能力、增强创新意识的重要途径。对于以培养应用型人才的应用型本科院校来说更是具有重要意义。本文针对毕业论文（设计）现存的问题进行分析，提出了应用型本科毕业论文（设计）的有效实施模式，即确定选题，制定任务书，开展开题报告，进行中期检查，评阅和答辩以及工作总结六个方面。同时从制度和质量管理、强化指导老师能力、改变学生认识、论文所需经费四个方面探讨了如何有效保障论文（设计）的进行。
基金项目：安徽三联学院2011年度院级科研基金项目。项目编号：20110024。
参考文献：
[1]陆富彬．对教学应用型高校本科生毕业论文工作的思考[J]．高教研究文教资料，2006，（10）：59，60．
[2]杨水银．应用型高校本科毕业论文（设计）改革探讨[J]．当代教育论坛，2006，（10）：78，80．
关键词：翻译行业；翻译能力；英语专业；翻译课程
一、研究背景
目前，在市场经济大环境下，我国对于翻译人才的需求越来越大，并且对于职业译员的能力要求也呈现出多元化的态势。传统的翻译教学主要从翻译技巧、语言对比、文本类型、翻译理论几个大方面训练学生的双语转换能力，在很大程度上无法满足当下的市场对职业译员的需求。高校培养出的翻译人才，在市场需求下已有些力不从心。
笔者对北京市的几大国内与国际翻译公司人员（对象涉及初中高级全职与兼职译员，技术部门、业务部门经理与主管），以及北京大学MTI与CAT专业的授课教师进行访谈，了解到高校培养的翻译人才与翻译公司需求的人才在能力需求上有很大的不对等性，常常表现为：以优秀成绩毕业于高校应用语言学的人才并不能在短期内胜任翻译公司的工作，在校习得的知识与市场对于学生在翻译工作方面的能力需求之间存在很大差别，造成了用人单位与刚刚参加工作的学生双方感觉相互沟通非常困难。具体表现为：第一，学生感觉无法学以致用；第二，用人单位觉得双语能力优秀的人才，并不能胜任该机构内的日常翻译工作，仍需要对其进行各种大量的、有针对性的培训。因此，在市场需求的大前提下，职业译员翻译能力的习得与培养，成了至关重要的问题。
2003年，PACTE研究人员提出了对翻译能力习得过程的定性描述：第一，翻译能力的习得像其他学习过程一样，是一个动态的、螺旋上升的过程，从入门知识逐步演化为专业技能知识，这一过程需要译者运用一定的学习策略，并在习得过程中综合、发展和重建表述知识和操作知识；第二，翻译能力的习得在根本上是一个获得操作知识，从而发展策略能力的过程；第三，翻译能力的习得是一个不断发展和重建翻译能力的过程。
从以上研究可知，对翻译能力的再定义务必要以人本主义为精神。传统的翻译能力习得，大多从篇章文本及语言角度出发，很少提及译员自身能力的发展。社会分工提高了劳动生产率，但社会不能以牺牲人的主体性为发展代价。强调译员自身能力的发展，不但不会转移传统的翻译能力的重心，相反的，以人为本的精神，只会更强化译员作为翻译活动中的主体地位。
目前学术界对翻译能力的界定普遍比较模糊，国内外多名学者提出了多种假设及论断，概括来说主要有语言/文本能力、翻译策略能力、转换生成能力、翻译技术能力。本文拟通过实证性及定量研究，具体分析在当今市场需求下，如何界定多元翻译能力的必要组成部分以及翻译专业人才应具备的翻译能力与“技巧”的内涵，在人本主义的关照下重新定义多元翻译能力模型。
二、文献综述
乔姆斯基对语言活动中“能力”（competence）与“表现”（performance）的界定为应用语言学、交际理论提供了新的研究层面。20世纪70年代，以Wolfram Wilss为代表的描述翻译学派开始探究“翻译能力”（Translation competence），提出译者必须具有源语文本分析能力和目的语文本生成能力。过去的研究者在观察翻译过程中译者的行为表现的基础上将翻译能力的构成分为：双语能力（bilingual competence）、转换能力（transfer competence）和世界/主题知识（world/subject knowledge）。
阿尔布雷希特・诺伊贝特（Albrecht Neubert）将关于翻译能力分析的5个参数作为能力成分：语言能力、文本能力、主题能力、文化能力和转换能力。这几种能力共同作用使翻译活动有别于其他领域的交际活动，也使翻译研究有别于其他交际领域的研究。进入21世纪以来，与信息时代接轨的国际翻译能力研究进一步泛化，Fraser（2000）将目的论（Skopos theory）的观点融入研究，指出翻译能力还应包含从客户需求角度评价自身翻译作品的能力。
2004年，国内学者文军提出翻译能力应包括三个方面：第一，语言/文本能力，（就英汉翻译而言，则指对英、汉两种语言的语言知识、语言运用的熟练掌握，还包括对不同的语域与文本的辨析，二者通常可合称为“双语能力”）；第二，策略能力（strategic competence），可简述为两对范畴，即：“归化”与“异化”（domestication & foreignization）， 全译与部分翻译（full translation & partial translation）；第三，自我评估能力（self-monitoring competence）。如果说策略能力可以使译者确定总体格调及适用对象，语言/文本能力可以使译者通过转换进而生成译本，那么“自我评估能力”则可以帮助译者译出得体译文的反馈机制。
2007年，国内学者苗菊在研究中分别从3个视角将翻译能力划分为3个范畴，概括翻译能力的构成成分。这3个范畴的分类是对翻译能力系统化、综合化、级阶化、关联化的更明确的描述和界定，包括了对翻译能力整体的宏观审视和独立成分的微观分析。
从以上分析可以看出，不同的划分方法大同小异，各种理论界定当中有相当一部分是重合的。例如：有的学者认为多元翻译能力的一个分支能力应该叫做“双语能力”，而另外的一些学者却将其称作“语言能力”；在Neubert与PACTE小组相当完善的划分下，国内学者认为，仍旧需要补充一些相应的子能力，如审美能力、认知能力等。本文作者在思考各种关于翻译能力的定义时，理清了当中重合的部分，区分出不重合的部分，重建了“多元翻译能力”这一模型内要求的各种分支能力。由以上分析过程可以看出，关于多元翻译能力的习得与培养，反馈在翻译教学研究中，大致可划分为三个问题：多元翻译技术能力应包含哪些分支能力？该能力是否与译文质量有关？如何在教学中体现该能力？
三、改革建议
通过对传统翻译能力的梳理，结合作者对翻译公司、职业译员、项目负责人及北京大学CAT与MTI系任课教师的访谈，可将市场化背景下对多元翻译能力的要求做分类型的界定。在人本主义关照下，新定义的多元翻译能力模型将不再以翻译能力为中心，而是以译员为中心的，以语言能力为载体的动态、开放的系统。以语言能力为载体的动态翻译模型，不但对译员能力起到支撑作用，译员能力的全面发展又会反哺语言能力。现代社会需要的是综合型的翻译人才，最为看重的是译者的素质与后期不断学习新技能与新知识的能力。这种动态、发展的能力呈螺旋形上升。
参考北京大学CAT及MTI专业的课程设置，笔者对高校翻译相关专业的课程设置做以下建议，共包括四个部分：CAT课程部分、个人实践部分、IT类课程部分及语言类课程部分。
高校对于翻译专业的学生进行分块式的、有针对性的训练，从综合角度逐步培养学生的翻译能力，必然会使学生能够胜任市场化需求下各种不同类型的翻译工作，处理文本的综合能力极大提高，以满足市场对于职业译员的要求。
参考文献：
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